Public-private partnerships financed by the European Investment Bank from 1990 to 2023

Terms of use of this publication

The European PPP Expertise Centre (EPEC) is part of the Advisory Services of the European Investment Bank (EIB). It is an initiative that also involves the European Commission, Member States of the EU, Candidate Countries and certain other states. For more information about EPEC and its membership, please visit www.eib.org/epec.

The findings, analyses, interpretations and conclusions contained in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the EIB or any other EPEC member. No EPEC member, including the EIB, accepts any responsibility for the accuracy of the information contained in this publication or any liability for any consequences arising from its use. Reliance on the information provided in this publication is therefore at the sole risk of the user.

EPEC authorises the users of this publication to access, download, display, reproduce and print its content subject to the following conditions: (i) when using the content of this document, users should attribute the source of the material and (ii) under no circumstances should there be commercial exploitation of this document or its content.

Purpose and methodology

This report is part of EPEC’s work on monitoring developments in the public-private partnership (PPP) market. It is intended to provide an overview of the role played by the EIB in financing PPP projects inside and outside of Europe since 1990.

This report covers a wide range of PPP transactions (e.g., design-build-finance-operate, design-build-finance-maintain, concession arrangements which feature a construction element, the provision of a public service and risk sharing between the public and private sector, and can include regulated assets), regardless of the type of financing provided by the EIB (e.g. project finance, sovereign lending). Portfolio loans to small PPP projects and investments in equity PPP funds are not listed in this report.

The term "amount" represents the lending commitment of the EIB at the date of signature of the main loan contract. In some cases, this amount is the aggregate of a series of loan contracts for the same project. The commitment amounts may differ from the actual amounts disbursed. EPEC continues to review project data and update historic information on an ongoing basis and incorporates any identified changes in this annual update.

Project data contained in this publication may be subject to future revisions due to the late availability of information or corrections to previously reported values.

2024-2020

2024

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
ITALY	Italian National Strategic Hub	General Public Services	73
PORTUGAL	Lisboa Oriental Hospital	Healthcare	147
ITALY	Milan Statale University Capus Development	Education	190
FRANCE	Nancy-Contrexeville Rail Concession	Transport	115
FRANCE	Rolling Stock Nouvelle Aquitaine - Occitanie	Transport	450

2023

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
FRANCE	Rolling Stock Region Grand Est II	Transport	165
GERMANY	German Rolling Stock – S-Bahn Munich	Transport	1, 380
ISRAEL	Tel Aviv Light Rail Green Line	Transport	250
ISRAEL	Western Galilee Desalination Plant	Environment	150
UZBEKISTAN	Uzbekistan Solar PV Auction	Energy	140

2022

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
FRANCE	CEGELOG Affordable Housing & Energy Efficiency ^[1]	Urban development	486
GERMANY	Neuconnect Interconnector	Energy	381
IRELAND	Irish Community Nursing PPP ^[2]	Transport	100
POLAND	Kraków Tramway PPP ^[3]	Healthcare	39

2021

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
AUSTRIA	Vienna School Campus PPP (Rappachgasse & Landgutgasse) ^[4]	Education	43
BULGARIA	Sofia Airport Concession	Transport	40
GERMANY	German Rolling Stock – Regensburg Donautal	Transport	87
GERMANY	Innovative Trains – North East Germany	Transport	92
ITALY	Pedemontana Lombarda Toll Motorway PPP	Transport	544
LATVIA	Kekava Bypass (E67/A7) ^[5]	Transport	61
POLAND	Olsztyn Waste-to-Energy Plant [6]	Transport	44
UZBEKISTAN	Uzbekistan Solar IPP	Transport	44

2020

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
FINLAND	Espoo Schools Project ^[7]	Education	486
GERMANY	A49 Motorway: Fritzlar-Ohmtal Dreieck ^[8]	Transport	381
GERMANY	A3 Motorway: Biebelried - Furth Erlangen ^[9]	Transport	100
ISRAEL	Sorek II Desalination Plant	Environment	150

[1] The project is supported by the European Fund for Strategic Investments

[2] The project is supported by the European Fund for Strategic Investments

[3] The project is supported by the European Fund for Strategic Investments

[4] The project is supported by the European Fund for Strategic Investments

[5] The project is supported by the European Fund for Strategic Investments

[6] The project is supported by the European Fund for Strategic Investments

[7] The project is supported by the European Fund for Strategic Investments

[8] The project is supported by the European Fund for Strategic Investments

[9] The project is supported by the European Fund for Strategic Investments

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
AUSTRIA	Vienna Schools Campus PPP (Aron Menczer & Aspern)	Education	47
BELGIUM	Tram de Liège ^[1]	Transport	193
GERMANY	Netz Elbe Spree Rolling Stock ^[2]	Transport	169
GREECE	New Heraklion International Airport (Kasteli)	Transport	180
IRELAND	Irish Social Housing Programme (Bundle - 1) ^[3]	Urban development	61
NETHERLANDS	A9 Amsterdam ^[4]	Transport	349
SENEGAL	Scaling Solar PV Senegal	Energy	13

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
CAMEROON	Nachtigal Hydropower Plant	Energy	50
FRANCE	Strasbourg West Bypass A355 ^[5]	Transport	229
GERMANY	A10/A24 Motorway: Neuruppin-Pankow ^[6]	Transport	258
IRELAND	Grangegorman Campus	Education	110
JORDAN	Red Sea Dead Sea Phase 1	Environment	30
MEXICO	Mexico First Renewable Energy Auctions	Energy	73
NETHERLANDS	Blankenburg Tunnel ^[7]	Transport	328
NETHERLANDS	Flood Defence ^[8]	Environment	326
ZAMBIA	Scaling Solar PV Zambia I	Energy	10

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
AUSTRIA	Vienna School Campus Berresgasse ^[9]	Education	22
FRANCE	Nord Pas de Calais THD ^[10]	Telecommunications	183
GERMANY	A7 Salzgitter-Göttingen	Transport	185
GREECE	Greek Regional Airports ^[11]	Transport	280
ITALY	Treviso Hospital ^[12]	Healthcare	68
MONGOLIA	Sainshand Onshore Wind Project	Energy	40
TÜRKIYE	Bursa Integrated Health Campus	Healthcare	150

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
FRANCE	Alsace THD ^[13]	Telecommunications	153
GERMANY	A6 Wiesloch-Rauenberg to Weinsberg Motorway ^[14]	Transport	299
A94 Motorway	Transport	158
IRELAND	N25 New Ross Road Bypass ^[15]	Transport	22
Primary Care Bundle ^[16]	Healthcare	70
NETHERLANDS	A6 Almere Motorway ^[17]	Transport	79
SLOVAKIA	D4/R7 Motorway ^[18]	Transport	427
TÜRKIYE	Gaziantep Health Campus	Healthcare	120
UNITED KINGDOM	Priority Schools Building Programme – Yorkshire	Education	72

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
FINLAND	Hamina-Vaalimaa E18 Motorway Section	Transport	102
FRANCE	Calais Port ^[19]	Transport	50
GREECE	Western Macedonia Waste	Environment	13
IRELAND	M11 Gorey to Enniscorthy Motorway	Transport	109
ISRAEL	Negev Solar Thermal Plant	Energy	141
NETHERLANDS	Ijmuiden Sealock	Transport	163
UNITED KINGDOM	Dumfries and Galloway Hospital	Healthcare	155
Edinburgh Hospital for Sick Children and Clinical Neurosciences	Healthcare	112
Midland Metropolitan Hospital ^[20]	Healthcare	148
Papworth Hospital	Healthcare	65
Priority Schools Building Programme – North East	Education	65
Priority Schools Building Programme – Hertfordshire, Luton and Reading	Education	88
Priority Schools Building Programme – North West	Education	69
Priority Schools Building Programme – Midlands	Education	88

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
AUSTRIA	Zwettl Road Bypass	Transport	29
BELGIUM	A11 Brugge-Zeebrugge Motorway ^[21]	Transport	260
GERMANY	A7 Bordesholm-Hamburg Motorway ^[22]	Transport	157
University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein	Healthcare	400
GREECE	Attica Schools (Bundles I and II)	Education	36
IRELAND	N17-N18 Motorway	Transport	143
ITALY	Milan Metro 4	Transport	300
Milan Eastern Ring Road	Transport	700
NETHERLANDS	A9 Gaasperdammerweg Motorway	Transport	201
UNITED KINGDOM	Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route	Transport	341
Intercity Express Programme II	Transport	284
M8 Motorway	Transport	213
North Yorkshire and York Waste	Environment	196

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
CROATIA	Airport Expansion Zagreb	Transport	80
FRANCE	Rocade L2 Marseille (A507)	Transport	155
GERMANY	Hochtaunus Hospitals	Healthcare	49
IRELAND	N11- N7 Motorway	Transport	72
ITALY	BreBeMi Motorway	Transport	700
JORDAN	Tafila Wind Farm	Energy	53
NETHERLANDS	A1/A6 Motorway	Transport	256
SPAIN	A66 Motorway: Benavente-Zamora	Transport	97
Hospital de Vigo	Healthcare	180
UNITED KINGDOM	Alder Hey Hospital	Healthcare	63
City of Glasgow College	Education	95
Royal Liverpool Hospital	Healthcare	108
Thameslink Rolling Stock	Transport	498

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
CAMEROON	Kribi Gas Fired Power Project	Energy	30
FRANCE	Nîmes-Montpellier Bypass	Transport	307
IRELAND	Irish Schools Bundle III	Education	50
SOUTH AFRICA	Khi Solar One Project	Energy	50
SPAIN	Madrid-Alicante High Speed Train Signalling and Telecommunications	Transport	78
TÜRKIYE	EurAsia Tunnel	Transport	270
UNITED KINGDOM	Intercity Express Programme	Transport	291

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
FINLAND	E18 Koskenkylä-Kotka Priority	Transport	134
FRANCE	Bretagne-Pays de la Loire High-Speed Railway	Transport	638
Sud Europe Atlantique High-Speed Railway ^[23]	Transport	1186
A63 Motorway	Transport	184
GERMANY	A8 Motorway Augsburg-Ulm ^[24]	Transport	209
ISRAEL	Sorek Desalination Plant	Environment	142
ISRAEL	Mekorot Ashdod Desalination Plant	Environment	120
JAMAICA	Jamaica Toll Road	Transport	39
SPAIN	Gipuzkoa Waste Management	Environment	195
Málaga-Las Pedrizas Motorway	Transport	130
Hospital de Burgos	Healthcare	128
UNITED KINGDOM	Nottingham Express Transit	Transport	129

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
CABO VERDE	Cape Verde Wind Power	Energy	30
FRANCE	GSM – Railway	Transport	279
IRELAND	Irish Schools	Education	44
NETHERLANDS	A15 Motorway: Maasvlakte-Vaanplein	Transport	140
A12 Motorway: Lunetten-Veenendaal	Transport	73
POLAND	A1 Motorway: Strykow-Pyrzowice	Transport	225
PORTUGAL	Pinhal Interior Motorway	Transport	345
SPAIN	Zaragoza Tramway	Transport	175
C-25 Motorway: Eix Transversal ^[25]	Transport	300
Barcelona Metro Line 9	Transport	400
Rolling Stock for Madrid Metro Network	Transport	188
SWEDEN	New Karolinska University Hospital	Healthcare	698
UNITED KINGDOM	Southmead Hospital	Healthcare	287

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC	BTA Toll Road	Transport	30
GERMANY	A5 Motorway Widening ^[1]	Transport	225
GREECE	Hellenic Fire Service	Public order and safety	9
JORDAN	South North Water Conveyor	Environment	166
PORTUGAL	University Hospital of Braga	Healthcare	65
Baixo Alentejo Motorway ^[2]	Transport	225
SPAIN	Hospital Son Dureta	Healthcare	130
TUNISIA	Aeroport Enfidha	Transport	70
UNITED KINGDOM	BSF Education	Education	243
Enniskillen Acute Hospital	Healthcare	137
M25 Motorway Widening	Transport	448
Manchester Waste	Environment	195
M80 Motorway	Transport	157

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
BELGIUM	Liefkenshoek Rail Tunnel	Transport	313
FRANCE	Tram Network of Reims	Transport	108
A88 Motorway: Falaise West-Sées	Transport	103
A19 Motorway: Courtenay-Artenay	Transport	200
GREECE	E-K-P-P-T Motorway	Transport	200
HUNGARY	M6 Motorway: Dunaújváros-Szekszárd	Transport	200
ITALY	Rome Fiumicino Airport	Transport	80
Turin Waste Incinerator	Environment	273
MOROCCO	Port De Tanger Deuxième Terminal	Transport	40
NETHERLANDS	Second Coen Tunnel	Transport	194
POLAND	A1 Motorway: Nowe Marzy-Torun	Transport	575
PORTUGAL	Transmontana Motorway	Transport	289
A4/IP4 Motorway: Amarante-Vila Real ^[3]	Transport	200
IC 24 Motorway Douro Litoral	Transport	350
SPAIN	National Expressways Improvements	Transport	211
UNITED KINGDOM	Dumfries & Galloway Schools	Education	79

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
FRANCE	Millau Viaduct	Transport	143
GERMANY	A4 Motorway: Eisenach Bypass	Transport	89
GREECE	K-T-K Motorway	Transport	150
IRELAND	M50 Motorway: Dublin Bypass	Transport	120
M7-M8 Motorways: Castletown-Portlaoise-Cullahill	Transport	116
N6 Carriageway: Galway-Ballinasloe	Transport	70
ISRAEL	Hadera Desalination Plant	Environment	120
PORTUGAL	Road Network in the Azores	Transport	180
IC16 - IC30 Greater Lisbon Roads	Transport	105
SPAIN	Metro Train Sets for Madrid Region	Transport	306
UGANDA	Bujagali Hydroelectric	Energy	92
UNITED KINGDOM	A1 and A4/A5 Road Corridors Upgrade	Transport	169
Newcastle Schools	Education	79
Wakefield Hospitals	Healthcare	221
North Staffordshire Hospitals	Healthcare	227
Forth Valley Acute Hospital	Healthcare	190

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
AUSTRIA	Ostregion Motorway	Transport	350
BELGIUM	Brussels Wastewater Treatment	Environment	96
GHANA	West African Gas Pipeline	Energy	75
IRELAND	M7 Limerick Southern Ring Motorway	Transport	98
Waterford Toll Road	Transport	75
NORWAY	E18 Motorway: Grimstad-Kristiansand	Transport	198
SPAIN	Expressway: Reus-Alcover	Transport	26
Expressway: Cuellar-Valladolid	Transport	46
Light Railway Network in Malaga	Transport	325
UNITED KINGDOM	Cornwall Waste	Environment	120
Birmingham Hospital	Healthcare	364
St Helens And Knowsley Hospitals	Healthcare	218
Northern Ireland Water	Environment	85
Royal London Barts Hospitals	Healthcare	359
Scottish Highland Schools	Education	88
M1 and M2 Motorways	Transport	90

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
FINLAND	E18 Motorway: Muurla-Lohja	Transport	153
HUNGARY	M6 Motorway: Budapest-Dunaújváros	Transport	200
ITALY	Mestre Hospital	Healthcare	70
POLAND	A1 Motorway Gdansk-Nowe Marzy	Transport	500
SPAIN	Expressway: Santiago-Brion	Transport	54
UNITED KINGDOM	Argyll and Bute Schools	Education	81
North Lanarkshire Schools	Education	103
Woolwich Arsenal Rail Extension	Transport	148
Newcastle Hospital	Healthcare	167

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
AUSTRIA	Europpass HGV Toll	Transport	48
IRELAND	M8 Motorway Fermoy	Transport	65
M1 Motorway: Dundalk Bypass	Transport	65
ITALY	Water Infrastructure – Arezzo	Environment	44
NETHERLANDS	N31 Motorway: Leeuwarden-Nijega	Transport	25
NORWAY	E39 Trunk Road	Transport	75
PORTUGAL	Litoral Centro Motorway: Marinha Grande-Mira	Transport	264
SPAIN	Los Viñedos Motorway: Toledo-Tomelloso	Transport	143
Light Metro Line in Greater Seville	Transport	260
UNITED KINGDOM	Manchester Hospitals	Healthcare	251
Cornwall Schools	Education	35
North East London Hospitals	Healthcare	142

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
AUSTRIA	Graz Intermodal Freight Centre	Transport	40
IRELAND	M4 Motorway: Kinnegad-Kilcock	Transport	103
National Maritime College	Education	29
Irish Schools	Education	38
NETHERLANDS	Wastewater Treatment Delfland	Environment	125
SPAIN	R-3 and R-5 Motorways serving Madrid	Transport	300
Tram System in Greater Barcelona	Transport	125
R-4 Motorway: Madrid-Ocaña	Transport	360
UNITED KINGDOM	A1 Motorway: Darrington-Dishforth	Transport	167
Blackburn Hospital	Healthcare	72
Rotherham Schools	Education	69
London Underground – Phase 2	Transport	880

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
GERMANY	Rostock Road Tunnel	Transport	105
PORTUGAL	Greater Oporto Motorway	Transport	300
SPAIN	R-2 Motorway: Madrid-Guadalajara	Transport	120
Motorway: Pamplona-Logroño	Transport	175
UNITED KINGDOM	London Underground	Transport	469
Seeboard Powerlink	Energy	70

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
GERMANY	Travequerung (Herrentunnel)	Transport	80
NETHERLANDS	HSL Zuid	Transport	400
PORTUGAL	Algarve Motorway	Transport	130
Beira Litoral/Beira Alta Motorway	Transport	470
SOUTH AFRICA	N4 Platinum Toll Highway	Transport	50
SPAIN	Tramway in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area	Transport	136
AP71 Motorway: Léon-Astorga	Transport	42
Motorway: A6-Avila	Transport	100
UNITED KINGDOM	Edinburgh Schools	Education	59
Kirklees Schools	Education	40
Dudley Hospitals	Healthcare	113

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
GREECE	Rion-Antirion Bridge	Transport	370
POLAND	A2 Motorway: Southern Poznań Section	Transport	275
PORTUGAL	Interior Norte Motorway	Transport	324
Costa Da Prata Motorway	Transport	190
SPAIN	M-45 Motorway: Madrid Urban Motorway	Transport	149
Motorway Shadow Toll Road: Murcia Region	Transport	13
UNITED KINGDOM	Glasgow Schools	Education	166
Sheffield Schools	Education	46
A13 Road: Limehouse-Wennington	Transport	150

1999-1990

1999

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
CHINA	Chengdu BOT Water Treatment Plant	Environment	25
GERMANY	Weser Tunnel	Transport	98
GERMANY	Engelbergbasistunnel	Transport	172
PORTUGAL	Chaves Motorway	Transport	450
	SCUT Beira Interior ^[2]	Transport	358
	Aguas de Santa Maria da Feira	Environment	80
SOUTH AFRICA	N3 Toll Road	Transport	45

1998

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
MOROCCO	Tetouan Wind Farm	Energy	20
PORTUGAL	Leiria Motorway ^[2]	Transport	209
UNITED KINGDOM	Falkirk Schools (Scotland)	Education	56
	Channel Tunnel Rail Link	Transport	290
	Porterbrook Rolling Stock	Transport	172
	Welsh Roads – A55	Transport	81

1997

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
DENMARK	Oeresund Link 2	Transport	1088
GERMANY	The Fourth Tube Elbe Tunnel 1&2	Transport	355
UNITED KINGDOM	Scottish Roads – M6	Transport	122

1996

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
DENMARK	Great Belt Link 4	Transport	1070
GREECE	Essi Motorway 1 & 2	Transport	1027
GREECE	New Athens International Airport	Transport	999
UNITED KINGDOM	Channel Tunnel Rail Link UK	Transport	119
UNITED KINGDOM	UK Roads ^[3]	Transport	237

1995

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
DENMARK	Oeresund Link	Transport	677
PORTUGAL	Second Bridge Rodoviaria	Transport	306

1994

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
DENMARK	Great Belt Link 3	Transport	784

1993

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
DENMARK	Great Belt Link 2	Transport	398
UNITED KINGDOM	Skye Bridge	Transport	17

1992

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
UNITED KINGDOM	Second Severn Crossing	Transport	176

1990

Country	Public-private partnership project	Sector	Amount (€ million)
DENMARK	Great Belt Link	Transport	246

[1] This financing comprises an ex European Investment Fund guarantee for a European Investment Bank loan for an amount of €45.3 million

[2] This financing comprises an ex European Investment Fund guarantee for a European Investment Bank loan for an amount of €30.9 million

[3] This financing comprises an ex European Investment Fund guarantee for a European Investment Bank loan for an amount of €60.2 million

Terms of use of this publication

Purpose and methodology

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000